Semantics
“Semantics refers to the study of meaning in language”. Word meanings are complicated to learn; words are related to one another in complex networks, and awareness of words comes later than does word use. Under the subject of semantics the such areas of interest are dealt, as the fact that a word can have more than one meaning, different words appear to have the same meaning, some words seem to have opposites, the meaning of some words are included in the meaning of others and the certain combinations of words have meanings which are very different from the combination of their separate meanings etc. Phonology, syntax and semantics are the bread and butter of linguistics, and together they constitute the grammar of a language.
Pragmatics
According to Jean Berko Gleason “Pragmatics refers to the use of language to express one’s intentions and getting done in the world”. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics, which studies how utterances communicate meaning in context. It includes the study of how the interpretation and the use of utterances depend on the knowledge of the real word, how speakers use and understand speech acts, and how the structure of the sentences is influenced by the relationship of the speaker and the hearer.
Socio Linguistics
“Socio linguistics concentrates on language in society”. In other words, it tries to examine how and why people use language as they interact with other members of their society. It examines variety in language and shows that language is not merely used to communicate ideas but also to communicate our opinions of others and of ourselves. In considering any spoken communication, we notice that a speaker's language reveals information on his sex, approximate age, regional and perhaps ethnic origins, education and attitude to his listeners. Socio-linguists thus set themselves the tasks of examining language use, its variation, its development, change and standardization, its regional and class dialects, its lingua francas, its specialized codes.
Anthropological Linguistics
“Anthropological linguistics, also known as linguistic anthropology, uses linguistic approaches to analyze culture”. Anthropological linguists examine the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time, and how different cultures and languages are related to one another.